Sociological Approach to the Study of Religion - 689 Words

The Sociological Approach to the Study of Religion Various methods are utilized in the study of religion and they are employed for a multitude of reasons. The method chosen to study religions is determined by the information being sought. Included among these approaches are social scientific approaches such as the anthropology of religion and the psychology of religion, and normative approaches such as the theology of religion and the philosophy of religion. There is also the sociological approach to the study of religion which is distinctive in that the goal of the sociologist is to gain an understanding of religion from a completely objective standpoint with no regard to the validity of any particular religion. One of the best and most descriptive explanations was written by Grace Davie. She wrote that, A recently published textbook describes the task of the sociology of religion in three ways: first, to further the understanding of the role of religion in society; second, to analyze its significance in and impact upon human histor y; and, third, to understand the social forces and influences that in turn shape religion. A single assumption is however, embedded in all three statements: The sociologist of religion is concerned with religion only insofar as it relates to the context in which it inevitably exists. It is this relational quality that distinguishes the strictly sociological from a wide variety of other disciplines that have interests in this areaShow MoreRelatedSociological Approach to the Study of Religion1673 Words   |  7 PagesOutline and assess one of the main approaches to the study of religions. Religion and ‘The Study of Religions’ has many approaches which try to investigate the core of what religion is and what it means to the people who practice it. Sociology is one such approach that this essay will be looking at through its founding fathers Emile Durkheim, Max Weber and Karl Marx. Sociology in general looks at people’s dynamics and explains a group’s influence. It demonstrates how religious belief and practicesRead MoreMarxist Perspective On Religion And Liberation Theology1199 Words   |  5 Pagesconsumerism are reinforcing oppressive structures could be viewed as a type of â€Å"methodological atheism†, for Marx fails to acknowledge the significance of transcendence for those practicing religion. In the chapter, â€Å"Sociological Approaches†, Northcott points to the relationship between the Marxist perspective on religion and liberation theology movements in Latin America. Marxist inspired liberation theology acted as a source for power for the poor, as it aided in the reformation of the Catholic ChurchRead MoreDurkheim s Sociological Perspective On Religion1733 Words   |  7 PagesDurkheim’s sociological approach to religion. Several central aspects of Durkheim’s approach are defined, including the concepts of religion, clan, and totem. The Totemic Principle and how it can be applied to religion is also discussed. Supporting evidence for Durkheim is offered through Eliade, while dissension is offered by Malinowski. This work concludes with an example of Durkheim’s ideas applied to the story of Lame Deer. Background Any discussion of Durkheim’s views on religion from a sociologicalRead MoreCommon Sense Explanations And The Explanations Of C. Wright Mills Theory Of The Sociological Imagination1534 Words   |  7 PagesIn this essay I will be exploring the differences between common sense explanations and the explanations of C. Wright Mills theory of The Sociological Imagination. Common sense is based on people s personal experiences and their opinions, very often constructed from social norms and generalised views. Whereas, the Sociological Imagination thought up by sociologist C. Wright Mills (1959) is based on the ideas of thinking critically and skeptically, in order to think sociologically. He wrote thatRead MorePhilosophy, Phenomenology And Comparative Approachs851 Words   |  4 Pagesthere are six different approaches to religion. One approach is the psychological or individual aspect. Then there is the sociological approach which looks at group behavior. Then there is also the anthropological approach which is looks at societies, cultures and things of that nature. Lastly there is the philosophy, phenomenology and comparative approachs. The psychological approach to religion allows us to examine the individual. The psychology of religion is to understand the personal religiousRead MoreSigmund Freud And Emile Durkheim On Religion1587 Words   |  7 PagesDurkheim on religion, looking at how both theorists essentially viewed religion as serving an integral role in human culture. In particular, this essay considers how both theorists consider religious believers to be mistaken in their ontological beliefs, and the rational causes for this. While both Sigmund Freud and Emile Durkheim are concerned with the study of human behaviour as it relates to culture, each does so from within distinct traditions. In terms of religion, Freud’s approach belongs toRead MoreThe Sociological Perspective, As Defined By The Textbook Society900 Words   |  4 PagesThe sociological perspective, as defined by the textbook Society: The Basics on page 2, is being able to see the general in the particular. This means that a sociologist’s goal is to observe a group of specific people, such as those who go to professional sports games, and find the similarities in their behaviors, like why some dress in outrageous costumes. A sociological perspective is important to understanding the role of a society as part of the larger world. This is called the global perspectiveRead More Functionalist View on the Role and Functions of Religion in Society716 Words   |  3 PagesFunctionalist View on the Role and Functions of Religion in Soci ety Assess the view that sociological arguments and evidence support the Functionalist view of the role and functions of religion in contemporary society. Functionalists believe that religion is a conservative force, and an institution which adds to the requirements of society. They say it ultimately operates as an agency of socialisation. Durkheim (1912) said that all societies are separated intoRead MoreSociology 210 Study Guide1129 Words   |  5 PagesChapter One: The Sociological Perspective I. The Sociological Perspective. A. Sociology is the systematic study of human society. B. The sociological perspective (Berger, 1963) helps us to see general social patterns in the behavior of particular individuals (the general in the particular). C. It also encourages us to realize that society guides our thoughts and deeds — to see the strange in the familiar (Berger, 1963). D. Sociology also encourages us to see personal choice in social contextRead MoreScience Which Deals With The Establishment And Development Of Human Societies Essay1589 Words   |  7 Pagesof human societies. 2.-is a science that has as purpose studying the reality of those entities social such which are. But not as it should be, as well as, the study of societies should be considered analogous to the objects of the animated world. Is it history natural of them corporations human. 3.-the sociology can define is as the study scientific of the life group of them humans, since frequently is gives a use incorrect to them terms sociology and sociologist, would be worth the penalty mention

Critical Diagnostic Review Paper Of Schizophrenia

Critical Diagnostic Review Paper of Schizophrenia History of Course of Schizophrenia Schizophrenia was named in 1911 by Swiss Psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler, but it is thought the disorder has been around for a much longer time. Although not called schizophrenia this disorder has been traced back to papyrus from 1550 B. C. Egypt and Stone Age skulls found with drill-like holes. The common theme of most behaviors of early times was madness. Neel Burton found madness was often thought of as punishment from God/the gods, and Hippocrates believe it a result of an imbalance in the four bodily humors and could be cured by special diets, purgatives and blood lettings (2012). There were times in history when religion became a cure for people plagued with these illnesses and most often asylums and monasteries become the treatment centers. The disorder continued to mystify and Sigmund Freud believe it was a result of unconscious conflicts from ones childhood (Burton, 2012). Tertiary syphilis was often thought to be the cause of the psychotic symptoms of the disorder as they both share many of the same symptoms, but this was found to have infectious agents which gave thought to there being more than one factor in the reasoning behind the diagnosing aspect. The first to differentiate Schizophrenia from other issues was Emil Kraepelin. In 1887 he termed the disorder â€Å"dementia praecox† or dementia of the young, as he believed this was an illness of the brain like dementia but instead ofShow MoreRelatedPrimary Neurological Brain Abnormalities And Individuals With Schizophrenia960 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction There are primary neurological brain abnormalities in individuals with schizophrenia. According to Fusar-Poli (2009), schizophrenia is delineated by prefrontal activity and elevated striatal dopaminergic functions. These elevations in striatal dopamine activity and prefrontal cortical dysfunctions (Fusar-Poli, 2009). Along with other abnormalities in white matter as well as, having been observed in the right superior frontal gyrus, left middle frontal gyrus, bilateral parahippocampalRead MoreThe Major Psychological Disorders Covered3588 Words   |  15 PagesThis final paper looks at summarizing one of the major psychological disorders covered in the course this semester - Thought disorder. It ‘s most commonly manifest in language (e.g. speech or writing) that is difficult to make sense of, Some people think that thought disorder is a specific problem of language and others think that it is a more general problem in semantics (meaning) that also leads to problems in making se nse of non-verbal events around us. Thought disorders are conditions that affectRead MoreSchizophrenia in Children2181 Words   |  9 PagesChildren Schizophrenia is a mental disorder. It is also quite a complex illness that affects daily functioning of those who suffer from it. Professionals across several fields who treat schizophrenics do not share a consensus regarding the cause of schizophrenia, though there are a few theories regarding potential and definitive causes. The on-set of schizophrenia often takes place in adolescence and adulthood, but there are cases when there is childhood on-set schizophrenia. Schizophrenia in childrenRead MoreInfluence of American Mass Media Ideals on Body Image and Eating Disorders in the U.S1243 Words   |  5 Pagesof body image and the development of eating disorders? People living in countries influenced by Western culture show concern for their appearance or dietary habits daily. This paper will analyze the effect of mass media on the issues of body image and eating disorders in the United States. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV-TR (DSM-IV-TR) (2000) eating disorders are characterized by a disturbance in eating behavior, which can be eating too much, eating tooRead MoreRights for Students with Special Needs2239 Words   |  9 PagesThe purpose of this starred paper is to review the literature that evaluates how teachers from other industrialized countries perceive the inclusion of students with autism in general education classrooms. Autism Diagnostic Criteria The first person to use the word autism was a well-known Swiss psychiatrist, Eugen Bleuler (Eftring, 2012; Verhoeff, 2013). He began using the term in 1908 to refer to what he considered one of the most important symptoms of schizophrenia. Parents and doctors consideredRead MoreThe Clinical High Risk ( Chr ) Essay2026 Words   |  9 PagesOther Specified Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorder section in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-5th edition (DSM-5). Researchers have previously defined childhood trauma as any emotional neglect, or psychological, physical, emotional or sexual abuse occurring before the age of 17 years old (Bernstein et al., 2003; Kraan et al., 2015). While a wealth of data has demonstrated indirect associations between childhood trauma (CT) and psychosis in adulthood (cite reviews), prospectiveRead MoreEtiological Theories Of Autism Spectrum Disorder Essay1964 Words   |  8 Pages Etiological Theories of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review of the Literature Nova Southeastern University Abstract Within the last twenty years, the amount of empirical research regarding the possible cause(s) and risk factors for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has increased (Lai et al., 2014). According to the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), ASD is currently identified in approximately 1 out of 68 children living in the United States, comparedRead MoreAn Overview Of Modern Health Management System1658 Words   |  7 Pagesreal-time feedback information. This, in turn, is helping healthcare management to enable proactive response to critical health conditions by facilitating early detection of life threatening conditions rather than reactive response. This is particularly important in remote and rural areas where number of working physician are very less compare to the physician of urban areas. [A review of wearable sensors and systems with application in rehabilitation 8] In addition to unified access to historicalRead MoreBehavioral Cognitive Case Study5709 Wor ds   |  23 PagesCognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Schizophrenia: A Case Study William Bradshaw University of Minnesota Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Journal, 12, (1) 13-25, 1998 Abstract Cognitive-behavioural treatment (CBT) has rarely been applied as the primary treatment for the multiple, severe and persistent problems that characterize schizophrenia. This case study describes the process of CBT in the long-term outpatient care of a young woman with schizophrenia. The study highlights the adaptationRead MoreAntisocial Personality Disorders and Criminal Behavior2578 Words   |  10 Pagesthey will go on to commit further crimes in the future. To determine the accuracy of these respective positions, this research paper provides a review of the relevant literature concerning the criminal theory of antisocial personality disorders and its implications for criminal behavior. A summary of the research and important findings are presented in the conclusion. Review and Analysis Although the laws concerning antisocial personality disorders and criminal behavior in the United States differ

Waves On Pregnant Women Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Waves have been applied to many of import processs presents. In this article I am traveling to look into the application of moving ridges on pregnant adult females. One of the really of import subjects is the application of echography in antenatal medical examination ; therefore I would concentrate on this subject and discourse its rule and advantages among other different methods of antenatal medical examination. We will write a custom essay sample on Waves On Pregnant Women Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now However moving ridges do non merely conveying benefits to pregnant adult females, but besides injury. There are some electromagnetic moving ridges ( or EM moving ridges ) which may be harmful to both the female parents and the foetuss, such as X ray. Yet, will pregnant adult females truly have an increased hazard of abortion after holding an X-ray? Recently there are besides concerns about the consequence of wireless moving ridges and microwaves on gestation. In this article I am traveling to look into them one by one. Obstetric Ultrasonography Ultrasonography refers to the usage of ultrasound. Ultrasound is longitudinal moving ridge, it has the same velocity as hearable sound moving ridge in air, which is 340ms-1. The chief difference between hearable sound moving ridge and ultrasound is that ultrasound has a frequence beyond hearable scope of homo, which is around 20 Hertz ( 20 Hz ) to 20 kHzs ( 20 kilohertz or 20,000 Hz ) . Normally the frequence of ultrasound used in antenatal medical examination is ranged from 1.6 to 10 MHz ( MHz ) , depending on what constructions of the foetuss are being examined. Ultrasound with lower frequence can perforate deeper into organic structure tissues, because the higher the frequence, the more supersonic moving ridges are being absorbed alternatively of reflected, therefore while analyzing deeper tissues like the liver and kidney, ultrasound with lower frequence ( around 1.6-6MHz ) is used. In the echography, ultrasound moving ridges are emitted by a device called transducer. Actually the term transducer refers to a device which converts one signifier of energy into another, so there are tonss of types of transducer. In the echography, an electroacoustic transducer is used to change over electricity to breathe and have ultrasound ; therefore to be more exact, the device used is besides called an ultrasound transceiver. The transducer is placed on the venters of the pregnant adult female, the ultrasound emitted penetrates the tegument and so reaches the fetus and other internal variety meats of the female parent. The moving ridges are so reflected back to the transceiver, the transceiver senses the moving ridges and converts them into images. An ultrasound transceiver: hypertext transfer protocol: //l.b5z.net/i/u/6062479/i/transducer_tn.jpg beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.chesapeakeultrasound.com/ultrasound_products An echography: hypertext transfer protocol: //gulfcoastmri.files.wordpress.com/2010/06/sonogram-human-foetal-fetal-ultrasound-scan-at-22-weeks-mono-1-anon.jpg Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //gulfcoastmri.wordpress.com/2010/06/07/obstetric-ultrasonography/ In instance that the pregnant adult female is in early gestation or corpulent, she can undergo transvaginal echography, which a investigation is placed in the adult female ‘s vagina. Sometimes the trial is besides carried out if the pregnant adult female has got unnatural vaginal hemorrhage or pelvic hurting. This type of echography has the similar rule as the echography mentioned above. Some female parents may desire to see the pulse of their babes, they can transport out the Doppler echography. It has fundamentally the same rule as the echography except the ultrasound is farther enhanced by Doppler Effect. Generally the foetus ‘s pulse can be detected after 7 hebdomads of gestation, therefore the blood flow of the foetus can be detected every bit good. The blood flows in a circulation in the organic structure of the foetus, the Doppler echography can therefore observe the alteration in waies of blood flow by Doppler consequence and see if the circulation is normal or no n. This can be done by mensurating the alteration in the frequence received in the transceiver. In fact there are a few more types of prenatal medical examination, such as amniocentesis and chronic villus trying. However, the echography is the safest manner for diagnosing. The echography merely involves a transducer puting outside the female parent ‘s venters, while amniocentesis and chronic villus trying necessitate mechanical incursion and trying inside the female parent ‘s womb or venters, this increases the hazard of abortion during the trials. Despite this fact, echography can merely give an early diagnosing of the female parents and foetuss, it can non handle anomalousnesss or familial diseases. Harmonizing to the trial conducted by RADIUS survey group in 1993, research workers found that obtaining echography has no significantly negative consequence on cut downing perinatal morbidity or mortality among the foetuss or the female parents. Furthermore, the sensing of anomalousnesss really did non change the result of newborn babes. Therefore it is of import to a dmit that echography is merely a trial whether the foetuss are healthy, but non a intervention to anomalousnesss. Harmful consequence of X ray X ray is an electromagnetic moving ridge with a wavelength ranged from 0.01 to 10 nanometres ( 0.01-10 x10-9m ) . It has a velocity of 3Ãâ€"108 ms-1 in vacuity. In fact, X ray is normally used in medical interventions, such as radiation therapy of malignant neoplastic disease and medical imagination engineering. X ray is produced in an X-ray tubing. In the X-ray tubing, negatrons are accelerated by using a high electromotive force. Electrons so collide with a metal, and the sudden slowing of negatrons consequences in the emanation of X ray. An X-ray tubing: hypertext transfer protocol: //hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/quantum/imgqua/xtube.gif Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/quantum/xtube.html X ray has high ionising power, therefore there are many people worrying about the harmful effects of holding an X-ray diagnosing, particularly pregnant adult females. It is true that a really high dosage of radiation from X ray may ensue in radiation illness. Prolonged and uninterrupted exposure to X-ray besides increases the hazard of malignant neoplastic disease development, and in pregnant adult females, there may besides be a hazard for the foetus to develop childhood malignant neoplastic disease or even abortion. However, it seems that the harmful effects of exposing to X ray are exaggerated. The serious harmful effects mentioned above are merely the consequences of high dose in a short period of clip. There are different sorts of X raies, one type is used in scanning or diagnosing, one type is used in handling malignant neoplastic disease. The energy stored in different types of X raies is different. For normal X-ray scanning, the dose is highly little. The captive dosage of X ray is measured in rad, which 1 rad = 10Ãâ€"10-3 J kg-1 = 10-2 J kg-1. If a pregnant adult female is holding a chest X ray, the estimated fetal dosage is about 60 millirads, the dosage is about 290 millirads for an abdominal X ray. This is rather a low value, as the dosage from the radiation from outer infinite is around 90-100 millirads. In fact, the hazard of the foetus holding oculus abnormalcies or mental deceleration additions merely when the dose exceeds 10 rads, therefore it is really rare that pregnant adult females suffer from harmful effects by the X-ray radiation. Harmonizing to the American Academy of Family Physicians, by and large X raies are safe even for pregnant adult females, and harmonizi ng to radiotherapists, no individual diagnostic X ray has a radiation dosage important plenty to do inauspicious effects in a underdeveloped embryo or foetus. Normally physicians will non inquire pregnant adult females to undergo an X-ray scanning, unless when it is pressing and necessary. It is besides suggested that pregnant adult females should state the radiotherapists about the gestation, so that radiotherapists can set the radiation degree to better protect the female parents and the foetuss. To reason, many people are afraid of holding X-ray scanning when they are pregnant, but in fact the hazard is non that high if we compare the dose to the exposure to outer infinite radiation. An X-ray movie demoing gestation: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.neurobodyfit.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/xray-pregnancy.jpg Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.neurobodyfit.com/x-rays-are-safe-during-pregnancy/ Concerns of wireless moving ridges and microwaves Besides X-ray, some people are refering about the consequence of wireless moving ridges and microwaves on gestation. In fact the consequence of these two types of EM moving ridges is even less than X ray. There has been a survey look intoing the relationship between exposure of wireless moving ridges and microwaves of female physical therapists, and the ratio of abortion. Due to occupational usage, physical therapists are really frequently exposed to medical equipment breathing microwaves diathermy and wireless moving ridges. Harmonizing to the survey, research workers compared the uneven ratios between those pregnant physical therapists and other pregnant adult females. The consequences showed that the hazard of abortion was non associated with reported usage of diathermy equipment, therefore people need non worry excessively much about this issue. A microwave diathermy: hypertext transfer protocol: //image.ec21.com/image/medicm/oimg_GC04993002_CA04993086/Microwave_Diathermy_HM-801C.jpg Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //medicm.en.ec21.com/Microwave_Diathermy_HM_801C — 4993002_4993086.html Decision Waves have been widely used in medical equipment, and there are several applications of moving ridges on gestation. Ultrasonography is the most common and the safest method of antenatal medical examination. Though it can be used in diagnosing, it is unable to handle diseases in foetus. Many people concern about the side effects of utilizing X-ray, microwaves and wireless moving ridges, nevertheless it is in fact really safe because the dose of radiation is highly little. Therefore people need non worry excessively much about the hazard of abortion caused by exposure to these moving ridges. How to cite Waves On Pregnant Women Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

The Concept of Community free essay sample

Community has been described and interpreted in different ways. It has been explained by different people in their own understanding and views. The concept of community could be associated with the beliefs, culture and interests. In this essay, the concept of community, what it is and the different types of community will be discussed. Also, the association between community, youth and its influence on the environment will be acknowledged. In addition, in this essay, issues on ethnicity, culture, youth, racism and crime will be discussed. The question ‘what a community is’ will be addressed. The concept of community has been widely discussed and there has not been a particular definition for community and its concept. Community has been recognized and described only as the environment where people co-habit. It is however not particularly right. Clark (1973:397) describes a community as ‘a group of people with geographical interest and have a unique relationship within the group’. The Oxford dictionary describes it as ‘a group of people living together in a place or having the same religion, race etc’. Also, in Rothman et al’s view, it could also be seen as ‘a structure of relationships which a localized population provides its daily requirements’. A more detailed definition was given to community by Buchroth and Parkin (2010:29) describing it as ‘a place, or a town or a city etc, where a group of people conform to a set of guidelines or rules, so that they all have something in common; people who do not fit into this bill are often pushed out of this community’. All these explain community in different views according to each writer’s perception. They have all explained the classification of word and its aim. However, understanding the concept of community goes beyond the writer’s view or assumption on what the meaning is. Many geographical communities including Ireland, Scotland, Wales and London in the United Kingdom are considered one of many in the country. Although, the land space mapped on the world zone paper is a part of community, there re other criteria that are associated with the word. The concept of community is wide and cannot be put aside without knowing the meaning of community and how it is formed. Community can be described as the way of life of people: its unique language, arts, the norms and cultural values, politics, the music and economic factors. The mode of dressing, food, language and religion also makes the people different. In addition, the beliefs of the individual and the interests of everyone as a person and as a group are put in consideration. Tyler (2003) prefers to explain it as ‘local human network’. According to Garvin and Tropman (199-) cited by Rotman et al(200-) communities are constituted when a group of people form a common location, interest, identification, culture and have common activities. When a locality is based on land space, there is a need for the recognition of the individual†¦the need for a sense of belonging. MacIver and Page describes this as the ‘we feeling’ when an individual identifies himself as a person and as a part of the group (Clark 1973:403). In addition, key qualities and attributes are expected from one individual to the other to create peace and unity in the group. Tolerance is an aspect of community value that cannot fail to be noticed. Every individual has his own angle realization and responsibility and this must be recognized and understood by other members of the group. Furthermore, there must be trust within; otherwise there will be a collapse in the relationships in this community. The word ‘reprocity’ is a strong value that must be included in every community to make it functional and realistic. An interesting group in the community includes the people. Population shares a characteristic that are linked by factors like religious beliefs; sexual orientation; occupation or ethnic origin in this group. As an individual position himself in the community where he is located, he contributes to the development of his locality. In a society, he shares the spirit of solidarity, togetherness and social cohesion within the society. Despite living under a locality, an individual often belong to other communities outside his or her geographical domain. On occasions, people discover that they belong to diverse groups with special interests that make them members to these communities. There are instances when a group of people who live in different land space or geographical zone. On occasions, there have been people with a collective voice in different mapped out areas of the world. This may be as a result of migration. An example is when an Asian couple migrates from their birth place in Bombay, India and decides to settle in the United Kingdom. When the family broadens with children, it encourages diversity of society in life of the younger generation. Language, food, religion and other beliefs in India are introduced to the children, even though they reside in the United Kingdom. Tyler (2003) explains that there are more to the buildings and accommodation of the society make up the society. He goes on to explain the idea that it is a notable fact that relationships are developed among the local group. It may be taken to account that the good function of every community depends on the population that resides in and within the environment. However, the ethnicity of every individual is unique to him or her even if it is shared. There are social interactions that make individual accomplish a sense of appreciation in different societies. Generally, countries with diverse culture like the United Kingdom, United States of America and Scotland have people with different ethnic values come as a group to form a society of interest. Some may be the interests in reading (book clubs), sports, fashion or the type of music listened to. This undisputedly, does not segregate them from enjoying more of the societal contribution and modern technologies that bring people universally together. According to Tyler (2003) ‘family is the first community’. However groups of family come together, they become a clan and a community as a whole. Friendships are developed and chosen as individuals and networks are established. There is a need for cohesion in every popularized environment. The word globalization has been used more often in Britain today. According to Beck (2000:11) it is ‘ the process through sovereign national states are criss crossed and undermined by varying prospects of power, orientations, identities and networks’. Giddens (1990) describes it to be ‘an intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa’. Another exclusive group that is recognized is the symbolic community. The groups are on occasions recognized by their symbolic attributes which distinguishes them from others. Smith (2001) cited Alan and Crow (1994:6) and explains that people with symbolic values play crucial roles because of their achievements in the sense of belonging. People’s culture and value sometimes bound them to this community. For instance, ethnic groups are often recognized with their attires. Often people are recognized by their mode of dressing. In Scotland, men often wear kilts on occasions. Africans are also known to dress up in colorful printed attires. Rastafarians dreadlock and beard is also a means of recognition. To distinguish between a homosexual and heterosexual, earrings play a public figure as it discloses the individual sexual participation. A different symbolic group that is often recognized is the ‘ring as a marital symbol’ group. The finger at which the ring is placed also play different role. It speaks for the individual if he is married, divorced, widowed or engaged. These symbolic values and their representation are crucial by events to individual identity. Culture is an important aspect of community. In every society, individual life depends on the cultural values that make the group a body. Karl Marx believed that culture is only possible in human form and in their ways because animals do not possess the concept to ‘form things in accordance to beauty’. (Haralambos and Holborn) According to Beck (2000:11) that was cited by Morgan an Reiner (2002), he defines globalization as ‘ the sovereign national states that are criss crossed and are undermined by transnational actors with varying prospects of power, orientations, identities and networks. In Giddens (1990) view, it is ‘an intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant locality in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa’. An important value of community is its integration. As the community begins o experience change because of migration, the society begins to lose the originality of its value. Residents who cannot tolerate these changes move to a more conducive environment. This makes the society less labeled as an ethnic community. A multicultural community is developed by different ethnicity because of integration and acceptance of immigrants from other groups. However, when integration becomes rampant, overpopulation creates an overwhelming problem and cohesion becomes a debate. As a result, lack of tolerance by the original residents emigrates for a more conducive neighborhood, therefore losing the norms and values that existed. As well as this, new cultural and ethnic values are introduced. This may cause segregation and loss of cultural values. In the recent times, the community has become a scary place and there it calls for a sense of security. Crime has made every community crumble under its norms and governance. Young people gather as a group of gang members involving in different types of crime ranging from underage or indecent alcohol intake, drug abuse, smoking, sexual involvement that leads to rape, stealing, burglary both of private homes and business places, threatening and killing with all sort if barbaric weapons and the love of fashion. The youth today believe that violence makes them less vulnerable, acquire some sort of defenses and it ascertains recognition and supremacy. Above all, it is mainly for material purposes (Farrington, 1996) Modern technologies have also contributed to its demise and the encouragement of crime on the streets. It has exposed youths to different harmful weapons ranging from plastic explosives to bombs. Crimes like fraud have been reported and recorded to be higher over the last twenty years. One of the factors that have made crime an increasing problem is the size of population. As far as 1960s, the increase in population has increased crime itself Neitzel (1979). According to the National statistics on population, the Major of London in 2003 also published a report on issues that affects Britain stating that the large populated community is as a result of immigrants being granted citizenship especially asylum seekers and refugees. In his view, it has contributed to factors that affect every community. As a result of variables which include poverty and deprivation, Britain has become less conducive and therefore crime rates have escalated. Music has played a significant role in the lives of youth and gang culture. Its message has sent crime motivations to teenage making them live in an illusion of drugs, guns and knife crime to be a whelming and rational life to get the ‘recognition’ they desire. Dr. Assibiy-Mensah, between 1994 and 1995 had investigated the role of music and sports in youth life and he discovered that these athletes and musicians have been recognized as role models instead of educators, (Okoronkwo 2008:6). The influences of drugs in youth groups as seen in musical videos have instigated a lot of street crimes that has created fear in the lives of commuters and business owners. On the quest to be recognized, gangs create a body of negative characteristics to acquire power and control either by stealing or carrying a weapon. Gangs’ crimes are only motivated by the individualism and personal gain and its effect on the society can be believed to be chaotic. The effect of carrying these weapons justifies in a negative impact on the youths as well as the society. An environmental influence on male gender with poor education is yet unskilled affects the involvement with the female counterparts. The female gender could often endangered and maltreated and on the streets. It may appear that the male gender may have the upper hand in the society. To this, one of the crimes that affect the community is rape and it may result to violence or death. Recorded issues like Bennett, Reid and Thomson who were murdered due to sex related issues in 2008(youth deaths :11). Taking into account that, community may be influenced by gender, these incidents cannot be overlooked as it is part of an everyday human activity. The national statistics on crime had it recorded that although, crime was high with 452,364 offences in the year 2007/ 08. It record slightly reduced in number to 421,157 in 2008/09 (oxford criminology). In the same state, youth crimes have been high although statistics claims it is gradually reducing. On the other hand, the use of weapons and sharp instruments has predominantly controlled the teenagers of Great Britain. As gang culture has been an issue in the community, youth crime has become a vital practice among teenagers using these dangerous weapons. A record of gun and knife deaths that shows that forty three teenagers died as a result of violence in 2008 and within the inner city London, fifty was recorded dead in the same manner in 2007. However, boroughs like Hackney, Brent, Red bridge have been labeled due to incidents of youth deaths and teenage crimes and the gravity of these disturbing issues in the community (youth deaths reference: 5). A review on the social policy research in criminology (Farrington April 1996, page1) states that major risk factors for youth crime are: Low income and poor housing Living in deteriorated inner city areas A high degree of impulsiveness and hyperactivity Low intelligence and low school attainment Poor parental supervision and harsh and erratic discipline Parental conflict and broken families Peer pressure Availability of drugs Due to these discoveries, there should be contemplation on how youth crime can be either reduced or totally eradicated. To reduce or combat crime on our streets, there is a need for critical resolution to the endangered public and a more peaceful promise to the upcoming generation. The first point of call to reduce this unruly behavior in the society is the family. Morals and respect for others that are lacking should be instilled in the youths. The children should be shown love and should be appreciated and not criticized for all their mistakes. Parents should encourage the children without discrimination because youths of today lack self confidence and therefore inhabit bullying as a behavior or becomes the prey and is bullied. Delinquent friends should be distant from and also there should be a feeling of responsibility to themselves and the community they reside in. Also, schools are responsible for the upbringing of individual identity and realization. It should not be seen as a building where young people acquire reading, writing or numeracy skills but it should help every child identify and develop hidden talents as also encourage the use to benefit the community and the nation as a whole. On occasions, inter-school activities should be introduced to develop sense of encouragement and for the individual, a sense of accomplishment. The education curriculum should include awareness of talents at the primary level like music, sports or craft and arts. In addition to this view, social class that have influenced the curriculum and every class should embrace a cohesive community. Furthermore; the community has a part to play in the clarity of this community demise. Britain is not a gun-legalized nation therefore the import of ammunition should be thoroughly scrutinized and probably discouraged by dealers who are not government representatives. Although, the government has funding for groups like Youth Crime Action, Tackling Knives Action Programme (youth crimes: 2) and some other organizations, it is of personal opinion that more youth development centers should be open to teenagers. Adding to this, there should be funding for the development of talents. To top this, a rule governing youth activities should be discussed in the House of Commons. Above all, teenagers should have a sense of security for the future that jobs will be available when education is completed. Job opportunities will not only reduce crime but save government funding on benefits It has been controversial on how the media has portrayed the teenage deaths as a racial involvement. Although some facts have been discovered on most occasions, teenagers of the same racial backgrounds that involve themselves in the incidents (youth death: 4). Instead of labeling crimes on race and cultural background, the media may encourage posters and adverts on awareness like the Hate Knife ,Kill Crime adverts. Okoronkwo (2008), argued that although media has labeled gangs to be more on black youths, ‘behavior may label a criminal, but it is not this behavior in itself that constitute crime(Mancie,2004:117)’. In summary, it is never too late to change the nation, community or oneself. Realizing potentials and developing it will not only benefit the individual but raw talents can change the future positively for the new generations. Taking into account that every community is very important based on its population, beliefs, ethnics, culture and geographical location.

Me Up at Does free essay sample

The Alternate Perspective E. E. Cummings invites readers to â€Å"put yourself in someone else’s shoes† in his 1963 poem, Me up at does. We will write a custom essay sample on Me Up at Does or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Though short and, when evaluated according to traditional English sentence structure, â€Å"grammatically incorrect,† the poem exhibits the same basic elements found within any other form of poetry. Included in these elements is a speaker who narrates the poetry to the audience; the author’s unique selection of words, otherwise known as diction; an original use of syntax; the inclusion of various forms of figurative language; the incorporation symbols and allegorical elements into the poem; the use of symbolism requiring an imagination of each individual reader; and, of course, an underlying theme, which this author leaves to our own interpretation. This seemingly-simple poem actually provides a variety of themes for exploration in seeking to determine the author’s overall meaning behind the composition of E. E. Cummings’s Me up at does. Me up at does introduces us to a 3rd person (limited) speaker, by which the audience is able to view the situation from the eyes of the narrator; but this knowledge of the ongoing situation is limited only to the information provided by the speaker themselves. We are then briefly introduced to the two major characters (and only characters, for that matter) in the poem— the narrator and the mouse. We can extrapolate many details of the situational structure presented in the poem- the narrator had set a â€Å"mouse trap† (likely within his own home) to poison and kill the mice living amongst him; the mouse, innocent and helpless, has recently consumed some the poison; as the mouse’s life is coming to a rapid end, it is able to send an unspoken message while staring up at the narrator; the message tells the speaker of his proclaimed innocence and struggle to understand what he did differently than anyone else (especially the narrator) to deserve such a punishment, especially such a punishment as harsh as death. The primary and most obvious conflict presented in Me up at does is that of the character struggle between the poem’s narrator and the poisoned, quickly-ailing mouse. In this particular poetic conflict, we can draw the conclusion that the mouse’s character takes on that of the protagonist— the mouse is identified as the â€Å"good guy† in this poem because he is presented as the innocent victim who has been unrightfully discriminated against without reason. The mouse could also be considered the static character in this poem because his character does not really change from beginning to end; he is more of a role-player used to provide a means for delivering the author’s message. Therefore, the antagonist (who is held accountable for the bringing about of conflict) can be identified to the character of the poem’s speaker, who is accountable for initially setting up the mouse trap and is ultimately responsible for putting a harsh and undeserved end to the life of the mouse. The narrator is also likely considered to be the more dynamic character of the two; this is because he or she is the one who shows the most notable demonstration of change by or within a character in the poem. While the mouse does not have much time or ability to change his poetic character before dying, the narrator has the ability to consider and dwell upon the attention that the mouse brought to his wrongdoings; not only during the time period presented within the poem, but also during the remainder of his or her [ongoing] life afterward. However, the struggle between the protagonist and antagonist analyzed above is not the only conflict developed amongst the characters within Me up at does. E. E. Cummings leaves open the potential to evaluate another struggle developed; this alternative poetic conflict is that by which the narrator faces an internal struggle with his own actions, and the possible feeling of regret and realization of wrongdoing that simply came too late. This allows the narrator to learn a lesson and thus gives the poem a â€Å"point† or lesson. In doing so, it not only allows the narrator to reflect on his or her own actions, but also for the reader to open their own mind to the possibility of a similar situation within their own life. This inclusion of the reader to the poem provides a base for interest of the audience, allowing readers to relate the lessons explored through the poetry and make these lessons applicable within their surroundings. It is important not to underestimate the struggles noted within a poem; as such, we must note that an inner struggle of both the narrator and the mouse is definitely possible. The inner struggle within the narrator has already been explained. The mouse, on the other hand, may be suffering an inner struggle dealing with self-esteem issues. Not only is the mouse confused as to what it has done so wrong that the narrator himself would not do, but the mouse could also be beginning a pattern of blaming this on himself and developing self-esteem issues that have been building up as a result of continued prejudice against the â€Å"mouse,† or whoever this mouse may be representing (but this is a matter of talked about in the themes of the poem, which will be discussed later). Perhaps the most notable detail of Me up at does is brought out in the syntax of the poem. The arrangement of words within the poetry seem to be strategically fixed; they seem to somewhat â€Å"mock† the setting and situation of the poem. For instance, the first half of the poem is very difficult to read. The last half, on the other hand, seems to flow as smoothly as any other poem. ‘Why is this? ’ a reader may wonder. One possibility of this arrangement is that E. E. Cummings intended for both the halves of Me up at does to be facing the center; that is, the first half of the poem can be read much more clearly when the poem is read from the center up to the top backwards. Then, the second half can be read straightforward from the center down. As mentioned before, this balance was likely used to â€Å"mock† the situation taking place during this poem- the narrator is intended to represent the first half of the poem, and the mouse is supposed to represent the second half; and the two are supposed to be facing each other. This creates a feeling amongst the poem’s words of representation of the poem’s current setting and perhaps makes the poem feel more alive or recent, and makes the reader feel more engaged in the poem- more like a participant than a bystander of the situation at hand. The possible symbols used within Me up at does are those of the mouse standing for one who has been discriminated against at any point in history, and the narrator may stand for one who experiences an epiphany or realization of guilt for the wrongdoing brought about by this discrimination exhibited. For instance, a possible example that may be suitable are Hitler standing for the narrator and his realization of wrongdoing; and the mouse representing the Jews during the Holocaust wondering what they had done that Hitler or any of the other Nazi would not have done. Or, the narrator could stand for a slaveholder during the time of segregation and the mouse may be a representation of an African American, also wondering what he had done so wrong- was the unfair treatment based solely upon his skin? Symbols such as these, and other similar relations, may be drawn from the poem with a sufficient amount of evidence to support an argument for distinct symbolism demonstrated within the poem. E. E. Cummings allows his readers to draw a variety of possible themes from his poem. Me up at does simply does not provide a message direct enough for all readers to draw the same conclusion about the author’s message. For instance, an animal rights activist may view this poem as a means to bring attention to the innocence of all animals, large and small. However, as open for interpretation the poem may be, performing a little background research on the author’s message lends somewhat of a bias toward one potential theme over another. Other readers of this poem have a more concrete interpretation of E. E. Cummings’s underlying meaning; one that includes a focus on those looked down upon by others who consider themselves to be of a higher ranking status. This interpretation common views the mouse’s death as a symbol of the product of undeserved prejudice, and the narrator’s nonverbal communication with the mouse as his or her first realization of this unwarranted discrimination. Upon reflection of Me up at does, one reader writes, â€Å"The poisoned mouse is a representation of a person, race, or someone from the lower status of society who is ostracized and experiencing diminution†¦ The mouse, I would say, is one who experiences exploitation and dehumanization by people and the social order under which he exists† (Alforte). The reader also addresses a view of symbolism, much like my own personal interpretation, used within this poem, â€Å"Why the mouse is poisoned is a symbolism of the many social insights and norms in his society, which the personal himself is a victim by believing and following them. ‘What have I done that you wouldn’t have? ’ is a query asked to those who regard themselves as normal and usual individuals under a normal society that punishes the non-normal and the usual, and treats them like a mouse— to be poisoned and eliminated, not to allow them to achieve equality with the rest of the members of the society† (Alforte). The essential theme of this poem, though still open for individual interpretation, seems to be about the human life experience and the opportunity to live that we have each been given; but with this opportunity comes hardships and it should be expected that, at some point or another, each of us will feel subjected and be treated unfairly by others.

In Exile by Chekhov- English Essay

In Exile by Chekhov- English Essay Free Online Research Papers â€Å"In Exile† by Chekhov- English Essay Anton Pavlovich Chekhov was born in the small seaport of Taganrog, southern Russia, as the son of a grocer and grandson of a serf, who had bought his own freedom and that of his three sons in 1841. He also taught himself to read and write. Chekhovs mother was Yevgenia Morozov, the daughter of a cloth merchant. Chekhovs childhood was shadowed by his fathers tyranny, religious fanaticism, and long nights in the store. When I think back on my childhood, he later said, it all seems quite gloomy to me. â€Å"In Exile†, written by Chekhov in 1892, tells of a detailed census of some ten-thousand convicts and settlers condemned to live their lives on that unfriendly island. Chekhov was a doctor as well as a writer, and went to inspect the human conditions of the penal colony. In 1890, Chekhov left the comforts of Moscow and early fame to journey across Siberia to the edge of Russia. His aim: to see for himself the worst evils of the empire. He succeeded, witnessing here flogging, child prostitution, and murder. Chekhov called Sakhalin the most depressing place in our land I have been, but would be forever thankful for making the trip. The environment was cold, wet, and there was clay wherever you looked. The story focuses on three main characters; Preacher, Tartar, and Vasily. Preacher, an old man of sixty, lean and toothless, but broad shouldered and still healthy-looking, was drunk; he would have gone in to sleep long before, but he had a bottle in his pocket. Preacher had known what it was like to live the good life. He was a deacon’s son and new the riches of good food, nice clothes, and a warm bed. Now he is at a point where he can â€Å"sleep naked on the ground and eat grass.† Preacher is a man of many words. None of which are compassionate. Preacher takes refuge from his forsaken existence in a bottle of Vodka, which in this era is common place. His days are spent ferrying people from one bank of the Volga River to the other. His nights are spent trying to keep dry and warm. As new convicts arrive on the island, Preacher relishes in telling them there is no hope that anything will get better and there is nothing good on the island. At the first mention of better days, Preacher is quick to inject, â€Å"Just foolishness, brother. Itâ €™s the devil stirring you up, blast his soul. Don’t listen to him, the evil one! Don’t give in to him.† Preacher is content to live in despair and give up on finding any happiness on Sakhalin Island. Tatar was ill and weary, and wrapping himself up in his rags was describing how nice it was in the Simbirsk province, and what a beautiful and clever wife he had left behind at home. The Tatar glanced at the sky. There were as many stars as at home, and the same blackness all round. He was not more than twenty five, and now by the light of the camp-fire, with his pale and sick, mournful face, he looked like a boy. He was sent to the island for stealing horses, although he denies being responsible. Although exiled on the island, Tartar has great hopes his wife will join him when his father dies. He speaks of his wife with great admiration. Tartar has hope for happiness and better days. He believes it is better to have one day of happiness than none. The day came when Tartar had heard enough of Preachers’ preaching of despair. He gathered all of his strength and spoke these words, â€Å"God created man to be alive, be joyful, be sad and sorrow, but you want nothing†¦.You stone-and God not love you.† Vasily Sergeich was sent to the island for forging a will. You might say he was sent into exile for chasing money. His life on the island was spent chasing money as well. He needed money to support his wife when she came to live on the island. The day Vasily found out his wife was coming he was jubilant. This was short lived as his wife soon left the desolate island with another man. Although despondent over his wife leaving, his consolation was his daughter. This too kept him chasing money. Vasily was a greedy man, his needs came above all else. Even as his daughter lay dieing of consumption, Vasily would rather let her die than let her leave. The human condition is a fragile one. The coping ability of each individual denotes the amount of happiness one will find in life. On the Island of Sakhalin, Chekhov saw nothing in the lives of the people that could not be explained and pardoned, and he returns to his ill-fated, useless people again and again, not to preach any doctrine of pessimism, but simply because he thought that the world was the better for a certain fragile beauty of their natures and their touching faith in the ultimate salvation of humanity. The characters of this story have all dealt with their life of exile in their own way. One with preaching hopelessness, one with hopes of better days, and one that just survives one day at a time. I find it ironic that Chekhov wrote this story in 1892, as he was sent to live in exile from the intellectuals of Moscow in 1897 due to tuberculosis. Works cited: The seagull reader theatrehistory.com/russian/chekhov001.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakhalin sakhalin.ru/Engl/ karafuto.com/ Research Papers on â€Å"In Exile† by Chekhov- English Essay19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Spring and AutumnMind TravelHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceHip-Hop is ArtHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropePersonal Experience with Teen Pregnancy

Advertising, Sex and Shifting Cultural Attitudes Assignment

Advertising, Sex and Shifting Cultural Attitudes - Assignment Example The long time ago, the society demanded of us to repress our instincts even though this often resulted in psychic dissatisfaction. Over the last few decades, advertising and particularly using sex appeal has led to a massive shift in this attitude. Today, passions are advocated for to be freely indulged. Individuals have been led to believe that they are entitled to seek romantic and sexual zeal. As a result, social ills such as divorce, unfaithfulness in marriages and polygamy are now considered legitimate solutions. In fact, the sexual sell in advertising effectively trashes sex, which should be respected as a human activity meant for reproduction rather than just a mere recreational exercise. The other concern that sex appeal advertising has bred over the years is that of people as objects. Additionally, recent advertising’s perspective of sex is nothing but pornographic which reduces sexuality to a stupid joke. This is in itself a direct insult to any cultural values that uphold human dignity. Even more worrying is the fact that people have come to accept these demeaning images to the point of actualizing them. Besides, human beings being prone to accepting trends even when some are wrong have been trapped by this shift in cultural attitudes towards sex and romance. Some advertising images portray the woman consumer of a particular product as a superwoman. These images present a woman capable of performing all sorts of activities at home and at work assisted by the product being advertised. This effectively renders the people around such as the husband, friends, and children as just passive spectators. In connection to romance, this product gives the woman self-esteem and independence that no man can afford to offer.  

Understanding Luther Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Understanding Luther - Essay Example Understanding Luther Luther tried also to point that James considered the perfect law as a way to liberate men from bondages (James 1:25), However, Luther believed that Paul considered the law as the law of slavery, wrath, death and sin. In this ground, Luther was confident in his stand that James opposed Paul and the scriptures and whatever the apostles were able to accomplish by stimulating people to love. It is therefore evident that Luther was comparing both James and Paul’s epistle on the ground of faith and work. His stand was evident on Paul’s writing and he used this as his basis to consider James’ stand between faith and work as completely contradictory. Paul’s teaching about works and faith in Galatians Paul’s teachings about works and faith in Galatians are evident. His very example was the faith of Abraham which was considered righteousness before God. He would offer his son, by believing in God and that certain faith moved the hands of God on him. In this e xample, Paul pointed out that Abraham had faith and because of that, he would be willing to offer his son, as God commanded him. Paul depicted that real faith certainly would result to action that would justify it, just like what Abraham did. In the same way, Paul pointed out that it is only by faith we are justified in Christ. ... it is an act considered by Paul which results to having its fruit such as love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, and self-control (Galatians 5:22). Therefore, Paul was clear about its message that having faith in Jesus is about living in righteousness guided by the Spirit. Thus, there is an act involved in here to be initiated by man, combining the real essence and power of both faith and work. James’ teaching about works and faith in James James was also bold and clear about his stand on faith and works. ‘You foolish man, do you want evidence that faith without deeds is useless (dead)?’ (James 2:20). James wanted to emphasize that faith is made complete by what the person does (James 2:22). Abraham was made righteous and was remarkably remembered of his faith because of his ability to obey God to the fullest even if it would mean the life of his dear son. James just wanted to emphasize that a genuine faith would result to doing great things, no matter how hard they might be for as long as it is pleasing before God and in accordance to His will. Evaluating Luther Luther was exactly missing the real point of what righteousness is all about. He did not consider the fact that faith and works are interrelated which was elaborately shown by the epistles of Paul and James. However, compared to Paul, James was very bold in saying that genuine faith results to works that are acceptable and pleasing to God. Luther had a point believing that works cannot justify a person before God. It is absolutely true because the scripture is clear about it. ‘For it is by grace you have been saved, through faith – and this is not from yourselves, it is the gift of God – not by works, so that no one can boast (Ephesians 2:8-9). However, Luther is

How do you think that the Legal Services Act 2007 will change the Essay

How do you think that the Legal Services Act 2007 will change the Legal Profession - Essay Example To note, lawyers are duty-bound to preserve the respectable reputation of their profession. Also, it has been observed that restrictive legal practices prevent professional competition among legal practitioners (Mortensen, Bartlett, & Tranter, 2010). As such, in 2003, the Blair administration commissioned Sir David Clementi to conduct a review of the profession’s regulatory structure (Mortensen et al., 2010). Clementi’s report envisioned three major reforms which were adopted under the act: (1) the creation of the Legal Services Board (LSB); (2) the establishment of the Office for Legal Complaints (OLC); and (3) the authorization of alternative business structures. This set-up has actually been described as consumer-focused and competition-based. The LSB is meant to supervise or oversee the present professional bodies (Mortensen et al., 2010). It can only exercise its intervention power upon finding that the approved regulators have seriously failed or persistently fail ed in its responsibilities (Mortensen et al., 2010). The OLC on the other hand acts as the single handler of all complaints due to unsatisfactory legal services (Mortensen et al., 2010). This body accords the Ombudsman the power to issue orders against erring legal practitioners (Mortensen et al., 2010). ... n a store of knowledge that was more than ordinarily complex†; (2) secure a theoretical understanding of the field with which it tackles; (3) apply its complex and theoretical body of knowledge to the practical and feasible solution of social and human dilemmas; (4) â€Å"strive to add to and improve its stock knowledge†; (5) transmit the knowledge to newcomers formally and deliberately; (6) provide requirements for admission, proper conduct and legitimate practice; and (7) be imbued with altruism (cited in Bowie, 1988, p. 743). Law complies will all the aforementioned requisites. The most important quality is having an altruistic spirit -- the concern for public good. This separates law from the other occupations. It is the core of the profession. In this context, if altruism is absent, then law becomes a business. Business has never been regarded as a profession (Bowie, 1988). Business people are self-centered (Bowie, 1988). They are primarily motivated by self-interes t (Bowie, 1988). This description is clearly in contrast with the seventh quality which Flexner suggested. There is a need to emphasize this point since the Legal Services Act works opposite to the cited principle. The third envisioned reform will make the legal profession a business. Allowing alternative business structures between lawyers and non-lawyers is not the kind of competition that can solve the problem on poor legal services. The change will not lower the number of customer complaints. Stated in another sense, the ends will not justify the means. It is against the basic theory of professionalism (Moorhead, Sherr, & Paterson, 2003). It would be better to implement rules which can enhance the ability of lawyers and enlighten them of the importance of public service. The legal profession must

Mix Design Procedure And Principles Engineering Essay

Mix Design Procedure And Principles Engineering Essay 1. Introduction In the following coursework we are going to take look at the steps that must be taken into account for performing a concrete mix design. When we talk about mix design, we are going to deal with two categories of property requirements: one category specific for fresh concrete (fresh properties of concrete); and another category specific for hardened concrete (Neville 1995). The aim of this coursework is also to analyze the properties of the freshly formed concrete due to the design performed, and not of the hardened concrete. As outlined in Lecture 2, the two types of property categories are not independent from one another, more likely they are directly linked, and failure in compliance with fresh properties will lead to poor concrete quality in hardened state. Basically, concrete mix design is performed by a careful selection of quantities for concrete ingredients with the aim at producing cost effective concrete having a minimum set of properties such as: workability, compressive strength and durability (Neville 1995). For the purpose of this coursework, we are going to design concretes which will contain mixes of classic ingredients like ordinary Portland cement as a bonding material and, either 100% Gravel or 100% Recycled Aggregates, as a filler material. Also, we are going to design mixes by replacing a part of the Portland cement with cementitious materials such as Silica Fume (10% SF) or Fly Ash (30% FA) and the reason of using these fine materials is that they will limit the amount of energy consumed in the mixing process, which ordinary Portland cement is not capable of doing. Having 4 types of concrete mixes, we are going to deal with different properties between these mixes, each set of concrete properties being governed by the properties of the materials used. For example, recycled aggregate presents an increase in porosity compared with gravel, so it is no surprise that concretes with recycled aggregates will demand more water content than ordinary, natural aggregates. Eventually the workability will be affected by the higher water demand (Dhir et al. 1998). Also, as comparison between the effects on concrete determined by SF or FA we must state that concretes with FA will experience a decrease in water demand, reduced bleeding and good cohesiveness, while concrete with SF will bring an increase in water quantity. Because they were 4 different types of mixes to be designed and tested in the lab, 4 groups, each designing their own mix, were created. Our group had the task of performing the mix design for the 10% SF mix and this was done according to BS 1881: Part 125: 1983 Testing concrete Methods for mixing and sampling fresh concrete in the laboratory. Silica fume has certain characteristics that make the handling, when we make the mixing of components, to be a difficult task. This is due to the small particle size and high fineness of the silica fume, so slurry is going to be prepared, by combining silica fume with water, when performing the mixing and also we should make sure that the slurry will be fully dispersed into the mix. By having a high fineness, the SF particles will demand a large surface to be covered with water, bringing an increase in water demand as stated above. Mixes having silica fume as ingredient will give us high performance concretes., and the presence of SF in the mix design process will not only affect the quantities of the mix proportions to be used as ingredients of concrete, but also will lead to an improvement in the fresh properties of the concrete like: high cohesiveness, little to none bleeding, suitable for pumping (Neville et al. 1995). In the lab, after we performed the mix, we made some tests in order to have quality control over the product: Slump Test, according to BS EN 12350-2:2000 Testing fresh concrete Part 2: Slump test, to determine the workability of the concrete and the Plastic Density Test, according to BS 12350-6, 2000 Testing concrete Method for determination of density of compacted fresh concrete, to determine the actual plastic density of the concrete. 2. Mix Design Procedure and worksheets. 2.1. Procedure principles. It should be stated that this method is not an exact method of quantity assessment mainly, because of the variability of the parameters affecting the constituents of this procedure. Trial mixes are made with the purpose of guessing which combinations of ingredients will be suitable for the desired concrete properties and we can modify these mixes to correspond to our requirements (Neville 1995). 2.2. Description for performing concrete mix design. Mix design follows several steps according to BRE Report 331, in which the flow chart of steps takes into consideration all parameters of the mix constituents and also shows us how they are linked together. The results of the computation are going to be written on a Concrete Mix Design Form. For performing this procedure a number of initial specifications must be given, specifications which include: Cement type 52.5 N; Aggregate type Gravel; Maximum aggregate size 20 mm; Fine aggregate grading 44%; Aggregate relative densities 2600 kg/m3; 10% Silica Fume 0.45, 0.6 and 0.75 w/c, 180l/m ³ water content, Slump of 30-60 mm (achieving S3 with SP) The stages which govern this procedure, as specified in BRE Report 331 are: Stage 1 water/cement ratio Stage 2 water content Stage 3 cement content Stage 4 total aggregate content Stage 5 fine aggregate proportion Stage 6 trial mixing Having the 3 free-water cement ratios, the slump and the maximum size of the aggregates given, we can skip the first stage and the amount of water needed can easily be determined. As we can see, 3 mixes will be prepared for which we can determine the amount of bonding material needed if the quantity of water is known. In this total amount of bonding material, 10% is Silica Fume, while 90% is ordinary Portland cement. In stage 4 we shall determine the total quantity of aggregate present in the mix. Because we have the grading of the fine aggregate, we can determine the quantity of the coarse aggregates by subtracting from the total quantity of aggregate the fine aggregate quantity. From the total quantity of coarse aggregate we know that 1/3 is for 10 mm Gravel and 2/3 for 20 mm Gravel. After we have determined all the mix proportions, we have to make specimens from the resulted concrete mix, specimens which will be subjected to different tests and conditions in order to determine the suitability of hardened concrete. These concrete specimens result from trial mixes for which batch weights are computed for a batch size of 0.02 m3. One aspect hasnt been discussed so far: the use of admixtures in the concrete mix design. Admixtures are regarded as secondary ingredients of concrete, and not in the same class of importance like water or cement. There are different types of admixtures, depending on their effect on concrete, and, also their use is regarded from an economical and an increase in concrete quality point of view. For the purpose of our assignment, the admixture type which we are going to use is Superplasticizer (Glenium 51) and the British standard that regulates and controls their use is BS 5075: Part 3: 1985. Superplasticizers are water reducing admixtures, and their effect on concrete is related to an improvement in fresh properties, mainly an increase in workability. 4. Batch quantities allowing for absorption. 4.1. Porosity, Absorption and their link. Porosity and absorption are aspects concerning the aggregates, so the following discussion will take into account the way in which the presence of pores will affect the concrete. There are 2 types of pores: internal and external pores, which vary in size- the external pores, can even be seen sometimes with the naked eye. Because of its viscosity, cement paste cannot fully cover the pores of the aggregates, but water is able to do that, which eventually will lead in an increase of water demand (Neville 1995). It might seem that because its only related to aggregate, porosity and absorption will not affect concrete, but lets not forget that the weight of aggregates represents approximately 75% of the weight of concrete. Also, by doing the mixing of concrete in the lab, the moisture content of the aggregates decreases, so an adjustment for absorption of aggregates must be done: we fully dry the aggregates in an oven, after which we put the aggregates in water, for 24 hours. An increase in weight occurs, meaning that all the pores are fully saturated (Neville 1995). The absorption is expressed as a ratio between the moisture content increase observed in the dried aggregates to the mass of the dried aggregates. The following absorption values for aggregates are used for our designed concretes: Gravel 5/20 1.0% Sand 0/5 0.5% RA 5/10 3% RA 10/20 4% 4.2. Adjustments for absorption. The adjustments for absorption, determined in accordance with BS 812: Part 2, are performed on the aggregate types which are going to be used in the mixture. The aggregates which we are going to use for the 10% SF mix concrete are: sand 0/5 and gravel 5/20. The method allows computing the additional quantity of water required for absorption by the following formula: Material batch weight (kg) x absorption value (%) = additional water required Having found the additional water quantity, the adjustment for absorption of aggregates can be performed by: Aggregate batch weight (kg) absorbed water (kg) = adjusted aggregate batch weight 5. Mixing procedure and tests carried out in Lab 1. 5.1. Mixing procedure. Relevant Standards: BS 1881: Part 125: 1983 Testing concrete methods for mixing and sampling fresh concrete in the laboratory. The mixing procedure is the combining of all concrete ingredients, with the purpose so that the aggregates surface is covered by cement paste, and it follows 2 steps: a) Sample preparation; b) mixing. At the previous topic, the adjustment of aggregates for absorption was explained. Its one of the requirements for the sample preparation step, and was the last one that needed to be carried out before the proper mixing of all concrete ingredients can be performed. When discussing about sample preparation, we also must take into account that we should produce at least 10% more quantity of concrete than the required quantity for the tests that have to be done; Follows a series of tasks: initially, the aggregates should be added in the following order: coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, sand after which we mix for 30 seconds. 1/2 of the water quantity must be added next, mix for another minute, after which we thoroughly mix by hand. Water absorption by the aggregates takes place when we leave covered the mixer for 8 minutes. Silica fume is mixed with water for 1 minute before adding it to the mix, after which we add the cement and mix it for 1 minute. We clean the paddles; we add the remaining water and superplasticizer and mix for other 4-5 minutes, after which we ensure homogeneity by mixing the sample by hand. 5.2. Tests carried out in Lab 1. Before starting the discussion about what tests must be done, we should note that all these tests on fresh concrete should be carried out within 15 minutes of mixing. Two tests will be done: slump test and plastic density. After the tests are carried out, we must put the used concrete in the mixer and mix for other 30 seconds. The Slump test has the aim of analysis of the workability of the fresh concrete, and it regulated by BS EN 12350-2:2000 Testing fresh concrete Part 2: slump test standard. When performing this test we must have some basic equipment: a slump cone with foot rests and a metal rod (16 mm diameter, 600 mm long). First, we must moisten the slump cone, after which we pour the concrete in the cone, while it is hold firmly into position. The pouring of the concrete must be done in 3 equal layers which are tamped 25 times with the steel road. The excess of concrete at the top and around the slump cone is removed, after which the cone is removed, inverted and placed next to the slumped concrete in order to enable us to measure the vertical distance from the top of the cone to the highest point of the slumped concrete. The measured vertical distance has to be reported for the nearest 5 mm, and shows us the nature of the slump that we deal with: true, collapse and shear slump. Fig. 5.2: True, shear and collapse slump (Neville et al. 1987) If the shear or collapse of the sample concrete occurs, we must perform the slump test once again. Plastic Density is determined on a compacted concrete sample in the lab, and is regulated by BS 12350-6, 2000 Testing concrete Method for determination of density of compacted fresh concrete standard. When performing this test we must have some basic equipment: 10 liter steel container (200 mm internal diameter, 320 mm internal height, and 4 mm wall thickness), vibrating table and 300 mm steel rule. The test is carried out as follows: we measure the mass of the empty container after which we measure the mass of the container filled with 10 liter of water. The concrete is poured in the empty container, in six equal layers which will be compacted on the vibrating table and the excess concrete at the top will be removed. We record the mass of the container with the concrete in it; we return the concrete to the mixer and clean the equipment. The computation can now be performed with the following formula: Plastic density, D = m / V Where, m = mass of concrete in container (To the nearest 10 g) V = volume of container = mass of water in container (from calibration) /1000. During the mix design we have found a plastic density for each water-cement ratio. Having found that plastic density, the new lab computed plastic density must not differ by more than  ±20 kg/m ³ then the actual plastic density (mix design). 7. Yield: corrected mix proportions and differences between design/plastic and volumetric method. Because in the mix design we have taken into account only those parameters that have a major impact on concrete characteristics, and we disregarded those that have a minor role, some errors might occur during the mix design. Such errors might include: faulty maneuvering of concrete ingredients, errors in performing the mixing procedure. These errors are visible when the total weight of the concrete ingredients is different than the lab computed wet concrete density (plastic density). Having computed in the lab the actual plastic density of the mix, we can make corrections to the mix proportion weights so that some of the residual errors might be able to be corrected. One of the ways by which this can be done is adjusting for yield. Yield is the ratio between the actual density and the total density, and the adjustment is performed by multiplying this ratio with the weight of each constituent, giving us corrected mix proportions. As an example we shall perform the correction of the mix proportions for the 0.45 w/c ratio mix: During the mix design we have found that the wet density of concrete (plastic density) is 2380 kg/m3. Cement+10% SF 360+40 kg/m ³ Water 180 kg/m ³ Sand 650 kg/m ³ 10mm Agg 385 kg/m ³ 20mm Agg 770 kg/m ³ TOTAL DENSITY 2385 kg/m ³ ACTUAL PLASTIC DENSITY 2410 kg/m ³ (tested in labs) The correction is done with the following formula: Corrected = (Actual density/ Total Density) x each constituent = 2410/2385=1.0105 Cement+10% SF (365+40) kg/m ³ Water 180 kg/m ³ Sand 655 kg/m ³ 10mm Agg 390 kg/m ³ 20mm Agg 780 kg/m ³ CORRECTED DENSITY 2410 kg/m ³ Another method by which we can adjust the mix proportions is the volumetric method. The main feature of this method is that, when performing the adjustment, we will take into consideration the particle density of each constituent taking part in the mix design. We shall also make an example for the volumetric method of correction of mix proportions. Cement 360 kg/m ³ / 3150 kg/m ³ = 0.114 SF 40 kg/m ³ / 2000 kg/m ³ = 0.02 Water 180 kg/m ³ / 1000 kg/m ³ = 0.18 Sand 650 kg/m ³ / 2600 kg/m ³ = 0.25 10mm Agg 385 kg/m ³ / 2600 kg/m ³ = 0.148 20mm Agg 770 kg/m ³ / 2600 kg/m ³ = 0.296 ACTUAL 1.008 THEORETICAL 1.0000 The correction formula: Correction factor = (Theoretical/Actual) x each constituent = 0.992 Cement 355 kg/m ³ / 3150 kg/m ³ = 0.1133 SF 40 kg/m ³ / 2000 kg/m ³ = 0.020 Water 180 kg/m ³ / 1000 kg/m ³ = 0.180 Sand 645 kg/m ³ / 2600 kg/m ³ = 0.2474 10mm Agg 380 kg/m ³ / 2600 kg/m ³ = 0.1461 20mm Agg 765 kg/m ³ / 2600 kg/m ³ = 0.2932 ACTUAL 1.0000 THEORETICAL 1.0000 The main difference between the two methods which we have shown is that the yield method requires computing the lab plastic density, and comparing it to the plastic density taken into account in the design phase of the mix, while for the volumetric method is not necessary to make that extra effort in order to make the adjustment. As far as to which method is more appropriate to be used, from a first look at our example, we can consider that the volumetric method is more appropriate, at least from an economic point of view, because the adjustments made gave us smaller weights of materials than the adjustment for yield weights. But my opinion is that the plastic density method is much more appropriate to be used, because its more reliable, and you have a superior certainty about the elimination of the errors that appear in the mixing phase and also a better control of quality of the concrete. 8. Comments on fresh properties. The discussion about the fresh properties of concrete might seem to be not as important as the hardened concrete properties from a structural point of view, but as we have previously noted, there is a direct link between the two types of properties: for example the strength of hardened concrete is greatly improved when a sufficient compaction of the fresh concrete was established (Neville 1995).The objective of this discussion is to see the degree by which different concrete components affect the fresh properties of concrete, and we shall do this by comparing the mixes presenting silica fume, fly ash and recycled aggregate with the ordinary Portland cement mix (100% Gravel). The influence of aggregate type: by comparing the fresh properties of the 100% Gravel mix and 100% RA mix. Due to the fact RA have a higher porosity, a larger amount of water is needed in the mix which will eventually affect the workability of the fresh concrete. Because we have considered an absorption value for RA which was too high (RA density was larger than 2400kg/m3), the RA mix presented collapse slump, thus poor workability, also a slight bleeding, and segregation of the concrete constituents is present, leading to a poor cohesiveness. In the 30% FA and 10% SF mixes we have used as aggregate, gravel, so the influence of aggregate type on fresh concrete is the same in all 3 mixes, the only differences occur from the influence of other parameters. The cement type that we have used was either ordinary Portland cement (CEM I 52.5 N) or composite Portland cement, by combining the Portland cement with a cementitious material like silica fume or fly ash. As we can see from the comparison of the composite Portland cement mixes with those having only Portland cement, the 30% FA mix presents no bleeding or segregation of materials, a good cohesiveness and finishability. Fly ash reduces the amount of water to be used in the mix, having a similar effect as a superplasticizer, so at larger water cement ratios we have collapsed slump, poor cohesiveness, and a slight bleeding and segregation is present but the compactibility and finishability is still good, making it suitable for pumping . That is not the case with silica fume. Silica fume increases the water demand, and generally the mixes with silica fume present good cohesiveness, no bleeding and segregation, true slump giving us a good workability. The usage of both silica fume and sup erplasticizers has a good effect on concrete. The amount of fine material is directly linked to the cost of both silica fume and fly ash. The cost of production is quite large, so the use of silica fume and fly ash is no longer a cheap, viable solution for Portland cement replacement. As far as their consequences on fresh properties, for the 100% Gravel mix, at lower water-cement ratios we deal with a stiff mix, having less finishability and compactibility than when the amount of Portland cement is decreased, while the cohesiveness, lack of bleeding and segregation is kept the same on all mixes. We could use higher amounts of SF and FA but after a certain amount they cease to have any effect on the fresh properties of concrete. The water-cement ratio is one of the main factors affecting the concrete fresh properties, simply because water and cement are two of the main constituents of concrete. In the 100% RA mix, because of the use of RA, it was necessary to have a higher amount of water than in the other 3 mixes, which in return gave us a poor cohesiveness, a collapsible slump resulting in a poor workability. Also some segregation and bleeding was observed, which was not present in the other mixes. As a general rule, when the w/c ratio is decreased, the ratio between the other concrete constituents is kept constant, so the workability increases (Neville 1995). The SP amount required for workability. Superplasticizers greatly affect the slump of a mix. For the 100% Gravel mix we used approximately 0.12% amount of superplasticizers for all w/c ratios, which gave us a true slump. When we look at the 30% FA and 10% SF mix we can see that we have increased the amount to about 0.31% which gave us a collapse in slump when we used FA, so too much SP, and a true slump for SF, because SF works much better with SP compared to FA. 9. Conclusions This coursework has to be looked at as being divided in two parts: a part about the concrete mix design and establishing all the mix proportions of the concrete constituents and another part relating to the fresh properties of the resulted concrete. During this coursework we have successfully designed 4 types of concrete, and as a result the fresh properties of the 4 concretes were individually established and assessed. The mix of concrete ingredients, the determination of slump and the computation of plastic density were all done in the lab according to the relevant standard governing each task. The designed concrete types were: 100% Gravel, 100% RA, 30% FA and 10% SF. By assessing the concrete fresh properties we have seen which mixes had problems and were not suitable for using on site, but excluding some problems found (a high amount of superplasticizer than the one needed in the 30% FA), in general the mixes presented good workability without segregation or bleeding, were suitable for pumping so they could be used on site, in real conditions.

Holocaust Death Camp Inhumanity Essay example -- History, Auschwitz

A 40 acre piece of land is attributed for over 2 million deaths, this is more than the total number of British and American soldiers combined that died in World War II. This small acreage was called Auschwitz and to the prisoners who stayed and died there it caused both mental and physical inhumanity to them. Mental inhumanity is an act against someone or a group of people, which is considered immorally wrong, on which affects their thoughts or feelings. Physical inhumanity is an act against a person or people which is considered immorally wrong, on which affects their body and health. Both of these acts of inhumanity were committed not only at Auschwitz but at every death camp established during the Holocaust. Edward Bond a playwright that lived through WW2 says that, â€Å"Humanity's become a product and when humanity is a product, you get Auschwitz† (BrainyQuote 1). This means that when humanity becomes a privilege to some and not a natural right to all then things lik e Auschwitz and in turn the Holocaust happen. The Holocaust death camps were considered both mentally and physically inhumane; the total effect of them shows the true level of inhumanity they installed. The death camps were mentally inhumane on the prisoners; especially during the first few days because most inmates had some to all of their family taken away and killed. The camps tore families apart and people watched as their loved ones left to be killed. Elie Wiesel talks about the last time he saw his mother and sister and how when he left the train he and the others were forced into groups with, â€Å"‘Men to the left! Women to the right’ Eight words spoken quietly in differently, without emotion. Eight simple short words, yet that was the moment when I left my ... ...hat the level of inhumanity in the camps had to of been so large and so deeply implanted in him in order for it to still so majorly affect him some 33 years later that he would take his own life. The total after effects of the holocaust death camps were the levels for both mental and physical inhumanity they placed on the prisoners there. The mental inhumanity was so bad that most prisoners thought of suicide and some even committed it. Along with this was the pain and torture the prisoners felt from the physical inhumanity which resulted in deaths of over 50% of the inmates who stayed there. The total effect of both of the camps is shown throughout inhumanity brought about in there. The fact that inhumanity was able to cause the deaths of just about 6,000,000 people shows how easy it is for it to hurt other humans. The question remains†¦ †¦can it be stopped? Holocaust Death Camp Inhumanity Essay example -- History, Auschwitz A 40 acre piece of land is attributed for over 2 million deaths, this is more than the total number of British and American soldiers combined that died in World War II. This small acreage was called Auschwitz and to the prisoners who stayed and died there it caused both mental and physical inhumanity to them. Mental inhumanity is an act against someone or a group of people, which is considered immorally wrong, on which affects their thoughts or feelings. Physical inhumanity is an act against a person or people which is considered immorally wrong, on which affects their body and health. Both of these acts of inhumanity were committed not only at Auschwitz but at every death camp established during the Holocaust. Edward Bond a playwright that lived through WW2 says that, â€Å"Humanity's become a product and when humanity is a product, you get Auschwitz† (BrainyQuote 1). This means that when humanity becomes a privilege to some and not a natural right to all then things lik e Auschwitz and in turn the Holocaust happen. The Holocaust death camps were considered both mentally and physically inhumane; the total effect of them shows the true level of inhumanity they installed. The death camps were mentally inhumane on the prisoners; especially during the first few days because most inmates had some to all of their family taken away and killed. The camps tore families apart and people watched as their loved ones left to be killed. Elie Wiesel talks about the last time he saw his mother and sister and how when he left the train he and the others were forced into groups with, â€Å"‘Men to the left! Women to the right’ Eight words spoken quietly in differently, without emotion. Eight simple short words, yet that was the moment when I left my ... ...hat the level of inhumanity in the camps had to of been so large and so deeply implanted in him in order for it to still so majorly affect him some 33 years later that he would take his own life. The total after effects of the holocaust death camps were the levels for both mental and physical inhumanity they placed on the prisoners there. The mental inhumanity was so bad that most prisoners thought of suicide and some even committed it. Along with this was the pain and torture the prisoners felt from the physical inhumanity which resulted in deaths of over 50% of the inmates who stayed there. The total effect of both of the camps is shown throughout inhumanity brought about in there. The fact that inhumanity was able to cause the deaths of just about 6,000,000 people shows how easy it is for it to hurt other humans. The question remains†¦ †¦can it be stopped?

Eating disorders and healthy eating Essay

Men make up 10 to 15 percent of the population with anorexia and bulimia, but are the least likely to seek help due to the gender stereotypes surrounding the disorders. a. Almost half of people in the United States personally know someone with an eating disorder, that half of the people in the class room know someone that has an eating disorder. b. Packing lunch , choosing restaurants wisely and keeping nutritious snacks on hand are just a few of the ways you can still manage to eat something and stay healthy at the same time. c. I would like to tell you more about healthy eating and what eating disorders and the effects are , how you can find out if some one you know has them and recognizing the symptoms d. What are the three types of eating disorders A. Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa and over eating Anorexia is a pathological fear of gaining weight leading to bad eating patterns, malnutrition, and u sually excessive weight loss and refusal to maintain a healthy weight. 1. When the person sees them self in the mirror they see extremely fat person, and to everyone else extremely skiny Bulimia is repeated binge eating followed by behaviors followed by purging to avoid weight gain 2. Taking laxative is also one the behaviors that people will take on to be able to lose the weight and be skinny Over eating is constantly eating without boundaries and past the appropriate amour of food or eating past the point of fullness 3. Some reasons are Boredom , anxiety and stress or even to please someone. B. Effects of eating disorders Treatments of eating disorders 1. Weight loss, fatigue, fainting, thin hair and nails Dehydration, menstrual irregularly, heart problems, took damge The worst one of all death Some therapy to talk about why the eating disorders is present and help the patient though it. 1. Most of the times eating disorders are issues that have gone untreated; and a way for people to feel like they have control over their lives. Medication that increases hunger for some and suppresses hunger for others

Behavior Therapy in a Multicultural Setting

Behavioral approach is based on the principle of explaining one’s behavior through observation. Through observation an individual is able to mimic the behaviors of others – a process more commonly known as learning. It is further believed that behavior is affected by our environment. Since behavior is learned, it can also be unlearned. This is one of the benefits of the behavioral approach.Therefore, behavior which is harmful to the society or runs against socially accepted norms may still be unlearned. As for behavior which serves to improve the state of the person, such behavior can be enhanced.The process of learning and changing a person’s environment are strong tools of behavioral therapists enabling them to address the particular needs of their clients. There are four major aspects of behavior therapy – (1) classical conditioning, (2) operant conditioning, (3) social learning theory, and (4) cognitive behavior therapy. Classical conditioning is the u se of significant associations to moderate behavior. Operant conditioning is the use of consequences to alter the condition and form of behavior. Cognitive behavior therapy is based on altering mental processes and behaviors, with the aim of influencing disturbed emotions.These can be applied in the work because these methods are not culture-specific. In a culturally diverse population, all except the social learning approach can be used for counseling. Social learning theory gives prominence to the reciprocal interactions between an individual’s behavior and the environment. This theory requires that individuals mimic observed actions after undergoing a process of understanding and internalizing the observed behavior. Since people coming from different cultures are exposed to different kinds of accepted behaviors, their internalization and understanding of social norms are also different.When counseling multi-racial individuals therefore, a view as to the particular culture from which the individuals came from must be taken. References Dayan, P. , Kakade, S. , & Montague, P. R. (2000). Learning and selective attention. Nature Neuroscience 3, 1218 – 1223. Kirsch, I. , Lynn, S. J. , Vigorito, M. & Miller, R. R. (2004). The role of cognition in classical and operant conditioning. Journal of Clinical Psychology 60, 369 – 392. McSweeney, F. K. , Hinson, J. M, & Cannon, C. B. (1996). Sensitization-habituation may occur during op